Spreadsheet calculations of thermodynamic properties. Refrigerant 4a is the working fluid in an ideal vaporcompression refrigeration cycle that communicates thermally with a cold region at 10c. Properties of reservoir fluids introduction to petroleum. Of course, some refrigerants work better than others. Properties of fluids in this chapter, we discuss properties that are encountered in the analysis of fluid flow. The ideal working fluid or often called refrigerant would have favorable thermodynamic properties, be noncorrosive to mechanical components, and be safe, including freedom from toxicity and flammability. Pdf petroleum reservoir rock and fluid properties s e c. Heat transfer enhancement in domestic refrigerator using.
Properties fluid statics fluid dynamics energy, friction loss, and pipe flow momentum and drag. Magnetic colloids a magnetic colloid, also known as a ferro. This type of refrigerator is also called threefluids absorption system. Density is normally expressed as kg per cubic meter.
Properties of refrigerant, oil and their mixture request pdf. This book contains 21 chapter with objective type question. However, the compressor must use a synthetic polyester lubricating oil. The density of a fluid is obtained by dividing the mass of the fluid by the volume of the fluid. Hydraulic fluid properties and its influence on system. You compresses a fluid and because youve squeezed it. Properties of refrigerants n low boiling point and high latent heat of vaporization n dense vapor n low toxicity n non flammable n low miscibility with oil. The following two figures plot the fluid properties of refrigerant r4a as a function of pressure p and specific internal energy u and as a function of pressure p and normalized internal energy unorm, respectively. The refrigerant oil contains at least one type of phosphorous compound selected from. R22 will soon be phased out, so you will not see it as much as you do other refrigerants in the future. In event of leakage or other failure, will not damage electronic.
Properties of fluids determine how fluids can be used in engineering and technology. In the case of mineral oil nanoparticle mixture the temperature at the exit of the condenser is 39c and the subcooling obtained is 3 c. Table a16 properties of the atmosphere at high altitude table a17 idealgas properties of air table a18 idealgas properties of nitrogen, n 2 table a19 idealgas properties of oxygen, o 2 table a20 idealgas properties of carbon dioxide, co 2 table a21 idealgas properties of carbon monoxide, co table a22 idealgas. When moving or shifting the refrigerator, remove ice twister, pan water evap etc. These physical properties of refrigerants help us select the proper refrigerant for the application as per our requirement. Calculations with the thermal fluids tool box are started from this menu and the corresponding submenu. Thermophysical properties of aqueous solutions used as. A gas has no definite volume, and it forms an atmosphere when it is not confined. Sme fluid mechanics i introduction property any characteristic of a system e. These products are friendly toward materials of construction, as well as exhibiting properties such as low floc point and superior stability.
Solubility,viscosity and density of refrigerantlubricant. Pdf optimum refrigerant charge of refrigerator working with. The refrigerant in any refrigerator or air conditioner flows continuously through the vapor compression cycle, absorbing the heat in the evaporator and releasing it in the condenser. Influence of parameters on airside and refrigerantside characteristics 75. Recall that in the carnot cycle heat transfers take place at constant temperature. Properties of refrigerants michigan state university. Thermophysical properties of fluids mechanical engineers. Heat rejection from the lower cycle to the upper cycle takes place in an adiabatic counterflow heat exchanger where both streams enter at about 0. This heat flow corresponds to the cooling power or cooling capacity of the. Methods of fluid properties for compressible refrigerant cfd. Performance analysis of a refrigeration system using nano fluid 461 there is the significant increase in the thermal conductivity of nanofluid when compared to the base fluid and also found that addition of nanoparticles results in significant increase in the critical heat flux. Pdf thermophysical properties of aqueous solutions used as.
The substance can be a pure fluid such as r4a or a predefined mixture such as r404a, a ternary mixture of r125, r143a, and r4a. On top of maintaining both extremes, its designed not to damage any rubber components. Transport large refrigeration capacity through pipes or tubes. If refrigerant oil did the same thingthat is, if it remained in the compressor crankcaseit would eliminate many oilrelated problems in refrigeration systems. Heat transfer in refrigerator condensers and evaporators. First we discuss intensiveand extensive propertiesand define density and specific gravity. However, all other refrigerant tables work essentially the same way as the r22 example. As said above, an important property of every refrigerator is the cold surface for. Selecting thermal fluid properties from the submenu shown in figure 1. Mechanical p of fluids national council of educational. It would not cause ozone depletion or climate change.
Superefficient refrigerator final report mecheng 589. The most efficient refrigerants that have been found to date belong to the freon family which includes ccl 2 f 2 freon12, ccl f 3 freon, and many. Advantages continuously measurement of important fluid properties early detection of fluid aging no upfront calibration required on board processor with realtime data analysis with 5, 10 or 24 volts supply. Jun 02, 2019 properties of commonly used refrigerants a refrigerant is a substance or mixture. Our brakes can get hot, sometimes up to 1200 degrees, so the fluid needs a high boiling point. They also determine the behaviour of fluids in fluid mechanics. This chapter describes the origin and the common methods for classifying oil and gas resources, introduces keywords and definitions of fluid properties, provides methods for estimating fluid properties, and shows how these. Examples include a steam turbine operating in the rankine power cycle to drive an electrical generator and a refrigerant circulating between the compressor, condenser, expansion device, and evaporator of a reverserankine. The main component of a refrigerator is its compressor using up to 80% of power.
A working fluid composition for a refrigerator containing a c24 hydrocarbon refrigerant and a refrigerant oil. So selection of fluid depends on the working conditions of the hydraulic equipment. Soltex synthetic refrigeration fluids are alkylate based refrigeration oils. Solubility with mineral oil is at least as good as was with r 12. Significant results low refrigerant concentration mixtures.
This is followed by a discussion of the properties vapor pressure,energyand its various forms, the specific heatsof ideal gases and incompressible substances, and the coefficient of. Feb 14, 2017 following are properties of a good refrigerant given below. The following are some of the important basic properties of fluids. The ammonia is used as a refrigerant because it possesses most of the desirable properties. We also make some comments on directions for future research on the properties of ferro. Download a reference book of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machinery. In fact there is no subcooling when poe oil is used as the lubricant. Refrigerant fluid an overview sciencedirect topics.
Key properties of the main refrigerants are given in together with their typical application ranges. Examples include a steam turbine operating in the rankine power cycle to drive an electrical generator and a refrigerant circulating between the compressor, condenser. Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids either in motion fluid dynamics or at rest fluid statics. Energy of a flowing fluid the internal energy u represents the microscopic energy of a nonflowing fluid per unit mass, whereas enthalpy h represents the microscopic energy of a flowing fluid per unit mass. Have a working knowledge of viscosity and the consequences of the frictional effects it causes in fluid flow. Properties of fluidmass density, specific weight, volume. The refrigerator allows the modern household to keep food fresh for longer than before. Desirable properties of refrigerants chemical engineering site. Usually, a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle that can extract heat from another body or substance.
Epa refrigerator analysis program user manual, version 1. Table 1, on pages 4 and 5, shows the properties of r22 at satur ation. There are two working fluids in an absorption refrigerator, the refrigerant as for a vapourcompression refrigerator, and the carrier, that is the auxiliary liquid that absorbs the refrigerant in the absorber, is pumped up to high pressure, and releases the refrigerant vapours at the generator. They showed that the tio2r600a system worked normally and efficiently in the refrigerator and an energy saving of 9. The lubricating oil composition for a refrigerating machine of this embodiment comprises an ester compound of a polyol and a fatty acid, and a 5 or 6membered cyclic ether compound having an ester bond in the side chain, and the content of the cyclic ether compound is an ester compound. It is the fluid that flows continuously through the refrigeration cycle or vapor compression cycle absorbing heat from the low temperature reservoir and throwing it to the atmosphere or. For instance, in our refrigerator overall heat transfer resistance may change more than 10 percent in the twophase region of the evaporator and more than 20 percent in the superheated region.
Fellow ashrae mcquay international staunton, virginia usa 1 what is a refrigerant. Desirable properties and commonly used refrigerants. This is followed by a discussion of the properties vapor pressure,energyand its various forms, the specific. Jp5211752b2 lubricating oil composition for refrigerator. A gas is free to expand until it encounters confining walls. Experimental data are presented in the form of mathematical models and two charts, the first giving the density, the second giving the viscosity and solubility pressure as functions of temperature and composition daniel chart1.
Evaluation of secondary fluids for use in lowtemperature. Performance analysis of a refrigeration system using nano. This articles is all about properties of fluid mass density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity, pdf. Types of brake fluid properties and specifications. This report describes the development of a refrigeratorfreezer model rfsim that is. R4a is capable to be at temperatures of 28c at room temperatures of 38c, its performance being very similar to that of an r12. Properties specification properties unit astm rf 100 rf 150a rf 150 rf 200a rf 200 rf 300 rf 400 rf 500. Whenever we choose them for particular use properties of refrigerants also plays a vital role in economic and environmental friendly application. An investigation of thermophysical and transport properties of oilrefrigerant liquid mixtures as possible bases for a realtime measurement of oil concentration is presented. School of mechanical engineering, purdue university, west lafayette, indiana, usa. Performance analysis of a refrigeration system using nano fluid. Ms excel spreadsheet addin for thermodynamic properties and process simulation of r152a article pdf available april 20 with 3,996 reads how we measure reads.
Technical information practical application of refrigerant. The unique properties within the formulas maximise thermal management performance to achieve efficient temperature control of battery packs. Wo20146924a1 refrigerator working fluid composition and. This information is based on values calculated using the nist refprop database mclinden, m. Download free fluid mechanics by rk bansal pdf book fmhm 9th edition. Hence hydraulic fluid is the medium of power transfer in hydraulic equipment, it is important to know the properties of hydraulic fluids and its influence on system performance. For each cryogenic fluid, a second table of properties is provided for vapor at a pressure of one standard atmosphere. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 12 r12. They are fluids with certain desirable thermodynamic properties low boiling point low pressure required to convert them from gas to liquid the way a refrigeration cycle works is pretty simple.
For zeotropic blends, including r729 air, tables are incremented in pressure, with properties. Our ammonia refrigeration compressor fluid is an enhanced version of the technology used by most oems, leading all oils and lubricants in innovation. R12 dichlorodifluoromethane properties thermodynamic properties of saturated and superheated dichlorodifluoromethane cf 2 cl 2 specific volume, enthalpy and entropy. This allows not only a higher power to weight ratio, it makes starting up an ev in extremely cold climates possible and increases the lifespan of battery cells. There are different types of fluids based on their availability, working purpose etc. Carbon dioxide is very old working fluid in refrigeration system and needs to. The three fluids used in this system are ammonia, hydrogen and water. Generate fluid property tables from refprop or coolprop. R12 dichlorodifluoromethane properties thermodynamic properties of saturated and superheated dichlorodifluoromethane cf 2 cl 2 specific volume, enthalpy and entropy refrigerants commonly used refrigerants methane series, ethane series, propane series, cyclic organic compounds, zeotropic blends, azeotropic blends and organic compounds. Thermodynamics tutorial 5 heat pumps and refrigeration on completion of this tutorial you should be able to do the following. Also, because our vehicles experience seasons just as we do, its important to have low freezing point as well. Heat transfer enhancement in domestic refrigerator using r600amineral oilnanoal 2 o 3 as working fluid 1,r.
The desirable properties of a refrigerant fluid are such that it flows through the evaporator in its vapour state, absorbs heat from its surroundings, then transfers. Where a secondary refrigerant fluid is to be circulated, and the working temperatures are at or below 0c, then some form of nonfreeze mixture must be used. These data have been reduced to engineering form and are presented in the form of a daniel chart 1 and a plot of density versus temperature and composition. Methods of fluid properties for compressible refrigerant. Branch ingersoll rand trane compressor development and technology. Refrigerants and their application presented by thomas e.
Since different fluids have the desired traits in different degree, choice is a matter of tradeoffs. Air conditioning air conditioning systems heating, cooling and dehumidification of indoor air for thermal comfort. The saturation temperature of r600a corresponding to the condenser pressure of 5. The central element in the operation of a refrigerator or a freezer is a fluid, called a refrigerant or, occasionally, a working fluid. The rate of refrigeration, the net power input, and the cop are to be determined. Refrigerant r 600a, or isobutane, is a possible replacement for other refrigerants. Primary refrigerants are those fluids, which are used directly as working fluids. In practice, the working fluid of the lower cycle is at a higher. A fluid cannot resist a shear stress by a static deflection and it moves and deforms continuously as long as the shear stress is applied. Pressure difference depends on the vertical distance h between the points 1 and 2, mass density of the fluid. It is based on the second law of thermodynamics that the heat can made to flow from cold body to a hot body with the help of external source. Narasimha 1,2,3,lecturer, school of mechanical and industrial engineering bahirdar university, bahirdar, ethiopia list of symbols symbol description unit nomenclature a cross sectional area m2 c p. For fluid power, a working fluid is a gas or liquid that primarily transfers force, motion, or mechanical energy.
Development of the pulse tube refrigerator as an efficient and reliable cryocooler. Chapter 1 fluid properties ce30460 fluid mechanics diogo bolster what is a fluid. Development of the pulse tube refrigerator as an efficient. Refrigerators and freezers may be freestanding, or built into a kitchen. Senthilkumar and elansezhian 2012 conducted an experimental study on the performance of a domestic refrigerator using al2o3r4a nanorefrigerant as working fluid. Have a working knowledge of the basic properties of fluids and understand the continuum approximation. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at 10c and saturated liquid leaves the condenser at 9 bar. Properties of these fluids are used to determine their amounts in a formation and their fluid flow characteristics. In hydraulics, water or hydraulic fluid transfers force between hydraulic components such as hydraulic pumps, hydraulic cylinders, and hydraulic motors that are assembled into hydraulic machinery, hydraulic drive systems, etc. Refrigerant is the life blood of the vapor compression cycle.
Table a21eidealgas properties of carbon monoxide, co table a22eidealgas properties of hydrogen, h 2 table a23eidealgas properties of water vapor, h 2 o table a26eenthalpy of formation, gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 77c, 1 atm table a27eproperties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons. Enthalpy p is the flow energy, also called the flow work, which is the energy per unit mass needed to move the fluid and maintain flow. Calculate the capillary rise or drop in tubes due to. Reversed carnot refrigerator and heat pump shown below are the cyclic refrigeration device operating between two constant temperature reservoirs and the ts diagram for the working fluid when the reversed carnot cycle is used.
The refrigerants that are used in refrigerating and airconditioning systems. A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 m wide with a capacity of 600 l. Thermodynamic transport properties for steam, air, and. Petroleum reservoir rock and fluid properties s e c o n d e d i t i o n. Aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and calcium chloride were the first types of subzero secondary fluids, and this is why the collective term brine is sometimes used. The quality of the refrigerant at the evaporator inlet, the refrigeration load, the cop of the refrigerator, and the theoretical maximum refrigeration load for the same power input to the compressor are to be determined. Among the smallest are peltiertype refrigerators designed to chill beverages. R22 thermodynamic properties agc chemicals company. Adobe pdf users will recognize the similarity to the adobe menu that appears in excel when the full acrobat suite is installed. Figure 1 heat is absorbed into a fluid this is usually an evaporator lowering the temperature of the surroundings. The properties of r 600a differ from other refrigerants commonly used in household appli. Here are certain properties that all refrigerants should possess so that they can be considered for use in refrigeration and airconditioning systems. The refrigerator must be located in the place where there is good air circulation. Apr 12, 2020 refrigerants are widely used in refrigeration cycle where cooling effect below the atmospheric temperatures are needed.
In case of placing the refrigerator on an uneven surface, adjust the adjustable bolt to make the refrigerator stands stably. The refrigerators main function is to use electricity to cool food to approximately 4 deg c. The controller turns the compressor on and off to maintain the refrigerator compartment temperature within a band around the desired temperature. In an automotive engine, motor oil stays in the crankcase where it belongs. Calculate a the power input to the compressor, in kw b the coefficient of performance.
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